The fractional quantum hall effect, in particular, has opened up a new paradigm in the study of strongly correlated electrons, and it has been shown that new concepts, such as fractional statistics, anyon, chiral luttinger liquid and composite particles, are realized in twodimensional electron systems. The first four chapters require only basic quantum mechanics. The nontrivial qshe phase is identified by the nonzero diagonal matrix elements of. Quantum anomalous hall effect and quantum spin hall effect.
Perspective is also given for recent advances in the quantum hall effect in oxides, narrowgap semiconductors and graphene, as well as a spinoff in physics to anomalous hall effect and spin hall effect. The quantum spin hall effect for electrons allows for the existence of an unusual type of materialcalled a topological insulatorwhich conducts electricity on the surface but not through the. The unexpected discovery of the quantum hall effect was the result of basic research on silicon fieldeffect transistors combined with my experience in metrology, the science of measurements. Quantum parity hall effect in bernalstacked trilayer. The photonic spin hall effect she has been intensively studied and widely applied, especially in spin photonics. Quantum spin hall state in monolayer 1twte 2 nature.
Quantum spin hall effect spin orbit induced energy gap in graphene. Introduction to integer quantum hall effect by ganpathy murthy duration. Quantum hall effect an overview sciencedirect topics. There is also a new concept of the quantum spin hall effect which is an analogue of the quantum hall effect, where spin currents flow instead of charge currents. In this work, we predict a hinged quantum spin hall hqsh effect featured by a pair of helical hinge modes in antiferromagnetic afm topological insulator ti multilayers. This quantum hall effect is referred to as the quantum anomalous hall qah effect. The existence of the quantum hall effect requires breaking of the. Motivated by the theoretical formulation 6, 7, and subsequent experimental observation of the quantum spin hall effect in hgtecdte quantum wells 8, intensive research has been performed in. A quantum spin hall qsh insulator is a novel twodimensional quantum state of matter that features quantized hall conductance in the absence of a. Oct 28, 2019 quantum spin hall insulators are twodimensional materials that host conducting helical electron states strictly confined to the onedimensional boundaries. The qh effect without landau levels is referred to as the quantum anomalous hall effect.
Because the electronic structures of sn allotropes are sensitive to lattice strain, e. The quantum spin hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, twodimensional, semiconductors that have a quantized spin hall conductance and a vanishing charge hall conductance. Tomonagaluttinger liquid in the edge channels of a. We further connect the spin current generating spin hall effect to the inverse spin galvanic effect, which often accompanies the she, in which an electrical current. Different from the conventional quantum hall effect, the qah effect is induced by the interplay between spinorbit coupling soc and magnetic exchange coupling and thus can occur in certain. The quantum spin hall effect theory and experiment pdf download.
The discovery of quantum spin hall effect in hgte quantum wells 1, 2 and of topological insulators 345 stimulated rapidly growing interest to fundamental properties and possible. The quantum hall liquid is a novel state of matter with profound emergent properties such as fractional charge and statistics. The quantum spin hall effect theory and experiment pdf. There occurs an analogous phenomenon, the quantum spin hall effect, where a spin current flows instead of a charge current. Quantum spin hall effect and topologically invariant chern. Existence of the quantum hall effect requires breaking of the time reversal symmetry caused by an external magnetic field. Unlike the conventional qsh effect, the hqsh effect survives the breaking of timereversal symmetry. Murakami, 2008 which was predicted originally for graphene. Feb 14, 2020 at charge neutrality, the ensuing ground state is a quantum hall ferromagnet with two filled states of identical spin polarization and an edge dispersion that exhibits two counterpropagating, spinfiltered helical edge channels fig. The quantum spin hall qsh phase is a time reversal invariant electronic state with a bulk electronic band gap that supports the transport of charge and spin in gapless edge states. Enhanced spin hall effect of reflected light with guidedwave. Especially, the quantum spin hall effect of light, where electromagnetic waves propagate along surfaces of samples with strong spin momentum locking, paves the way for achieving topologically. The purpose of these lectures is to describe the basic theoretical structures underlying the rich and beautiful physics of the quantum hall effect.
Helical quantum hall phase in graphene on srtio3 science. Jun 26, 2017 a quantum spin hall qsh insulator is a novel twodimensional quantum state of matter that features quantized hall conductance in the absence of a magnetic field, resulting from topologically. Apr 24, 2012 these results can be interpreted as a dynamical quantum hall effect in a parameter space. Here, we directly image the local conductivity of monolayer wte2 using microwave impedance microscopy. The quantum spin hall effect is a fundamental property of light. Experimental signatures of the qsh effect have recently been reported in an atomically thin material, monolayer wte2. Imaging quantum spin hall edges in monolayer wte2 science. The search for topological states of matter that do not require magnetic fields for their observation led to the theoretical prediction in 2006 and experimental observation in 2007 of the socalled quantum spin hall effect in hgte quantum wells, a new topological state of quantum matter. In the new study, researchers bring together one of physics most venerable set of equations those of james clerks. We fabricated such sample structures with low density and high mobility in which we could tune, through an external gate voltage, the carrier conduction from ntype to ptype, passing through an. In this paper, we propose a method to enhance she with the guidedwave surfaceplasmon resonance spr.
We further connect the spincurrent generating spin hall effect to the inverse spin galvanic effect, which often accompanies the she, in which an electrical current. Graphene, the quantum spin hall effect and topological insulators i. The conventional quantum hall effect is a particular example of the general relation if one views the electric field as a rate of change of the vector potential. Band topology and related spin or pseudo spin physics of photons provide us with a new dimension for manipulating light, which is potentially useful for information communication and data storage. The quantum anomalous hall qah effect is a topological phenomenon characterized by quantized hall resistance and zero longitudinal resistance 14. A new 2d electronic phase gapless edge states and transport time reversal symmetry and z 2 topological stability. Jun 25, 2015 the quantum spin hall effect for electrons allows for the existence of an unusual type of materialcalled a topological insulatorwhich conducts electricity on the surface but not through the. The quantum spin hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum hall state, and that does not require the application of a large magnetic.
It is unusual for a puretheory physics paper to make it into the journal science. Beyond the potential technological applications, the intrinsic spin hall e. Pdf quantum spin hall effect george rajna academia. Aug 19, 2017 quantum spin hall effect is a spin version of quantum hall effect. Exchange bias and quantum anomalous nomalous hall effect in. It is also called twodimensional topological insulator. In order experiment was introduced a topological z 2, invariant who characterizes a state as trivial or nontrivial band insulator regardless if the state. Quantum spin hall insulator state in hgte quantum wells science. Tomonagaluttinger liquid in the edge channels of a quantum. Graphene and the quantum spin hall effect astronomy. Quantum hall effect 55 skipping cyclotron orbits fourterminal sample configuration to measure the hall and longitudinal resistivities quantum hall effect 56 for a given plateau not a perfect conductor. For a twodimensional electron system which can be produced in a mosfet, in the presence of large magnetic field strength and low temperature, one can observe the quantum hall effect, in which the hall conductance. Quantum spin hall effect the qsh state can be thought of as b eff two copies of qh states, one for each spin component, each seeing the opposite magnetic field. Mar 17, 2018 introduction to integer quantum hall effect by ganpathy murthy duration.
A twodimensional 2d topological insulator exhibits the quantum spin hall qsh effect, in which topologically protected conducting channels exist at the sample edges. They are typical phenomena on the topological insulator. Quantum spin hall insulators are twodimensional materials that host conducting helical electron states strictly confined to the onedimensional boundaries. Three dimensional generalization topological insulator, surface states. Basic physics underlying the phenomenon is explained, along with diverse aspects such as the quantum hall effect as the resistance standard. Spin hall effect, 2d topological insulator duration. Here, we report a class of quantum hall effect, the quantum parity hall qph effect, in which boundary channels are distinguished by even or. This pair of helical hinge modes are localized on the hinges of the top and bottom surfaces of the afm ti multilayers. An atomic layer of tin in a buckled honeycomb lattice, termed stanene, is a promising largegap twodimensional topological insulator for realizing roomtemperature quantumspinhall effect and therefore has drawn tremendous interest in recent years. Dynamical quantum hall effect in the parameter space pnas.
Quantum hall effects world scientific publishing company. However, the she is weak and is difficult to detect directly. An intimate relation between qhe and the spin hall effect has been brought home by a more recent quantum spin hall effect qshe konig et al. In topological insulators, spinorbit coupling and timereversal symmetry combine to form a novel state of matter predicted to have exotic physical properties.
This is a course on the quantum hall effect, given in tifr, mumbai. The quantum spin hall effect goteborgs universitet. Quantum spin hall state in monolayer 1twte 2 nature physics. Recent theory predicted that the quantum spin hall effect, a fundamentally new quantum state of matter that exists at zero external magnetic field, may be realized in hgtehg,cdte quantum wells. A quantum spin hall qsh insulator is a novel twodimensional quantum state of matter that features quantized hall conductance in the absence of a magnetic field, resulting from topologically. Quantum spin hall effect and their topological design of devices. In topological insulators, spin orbit coupling and timereversal symmetry combine to form a novel state of matter predicted to have exotic physical properties. We present a topological description of quantum spin hall effect qshe in a twodimensional electron system on honeycomb lattice with both intrinsic and rashba spin orbit couplings. A quantum spin hall system possesses a pair of helical edge states, in which an electric current can induce a transverse spin current or a spin accumulation near the system boundary. By covering a dielectric with high refractive index on the surface of silver film, the photonic she can be greatly. Bernevig and zhang, prl, 2006 the qsh state does not break the time reversal symmetry, and can exist without any external magnetic field.
May 21, 2019 the quantum hall effect, which is characterized by an insulating bulk and chiral edge states, has recently been generalized from transport of charges to transport of other degrees of freedom, leading to quantum spin hall and quantum valley hall effects. The quantum spin hall effect and topological insulators xiaoliang qi is a research associate at the stanford institute for materials and energy science and shoucheng zhang is a professor of physics at stanford university in stanford, california. In 1988, it was proposed that there was quantum hall effect without landau levels. Advanced condensed matter physics iitg 4,470 views. The quantum spin hall effect and topological insulators. The quantum spin hall effect is a fundamental property of.
35 517 1403 420 853 1546 96 146 1350 472 491 484 1037 801 239 178 55 108 688 405 988 111 124 955 1418 1039 970 506 177 1256 1006 303 102 1140 95 1039 996